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Login to Earn XP. They rejected the values of the society that had sent them to war, and in doing so separated their own generation from the past and from their cultural inheritance.

This has become the most common perception of World War I, perpetuated by the art, cinema, poems, and stories published subsequently.

These beliefs did not become widely shared because they offered the only accurate interpretation of wartime events. In every respect, the war was much more complicated than they suggest.

It has been pointed out that, although the losses were devastating, their greatest impact was socially and geographically limited.

The many emotions other than horror experienced by soldiers in and out of the front line, including comradeship, boredom, and even enjoyment, have been recognised.

The war is not now seen as a 'fight about nothing', but as a war of ideals, a struggle between aggressive militarism and more or less liberal democracy.

It has been acknowledged that British generals were often capable men facing difficult challenges, and that it was under their command that the British army played a major part in the defeat of the Germans in a great forgotten victory.

Though these views have been discounted as "myths", [] [] they are common. They have dynamically changed according to contemporary influences, reflecting in the s perceptions of the war as "aimless" following the contrasting Second World War and emphasising conflict within the ranks during times of class conflict in the s.

The majority of additions to the contrary are often rejected. The social trauma caused by unprecedented rates of casualties manifested itself in different ways, which have been the subject of subsequent historical debate.

Though many participants did not share in the experiences of combat or spend any significant time at the front, or had positive memories of their service, the images of suffering and trauma became the widely shared perception.

Such historians as Dan Todman, Paul Fussell , and Samuel Heyns have all published works since the s arguing that these common perceptions of the war are factually incorrect.

The rise of Nazism and fascism included a revival of the nationalist spirit and a rejection of many post-war changes.

This conspiracy theory of betrayal became common, and the German populace came to see themselves as victims.

The widespread acceptance of the "stab-in-the-back" theory delegitimised the Weimar government and destabilised the system, opening it to extremes of right and left.

The same occurred in Austria which counterfactually considered himself not being responsible for the outbreak of the war and claimed not to have suffered a military defeat.

Communist and fascist movements around Europe drew strength from this theory and enjoyed a new level of popularity. These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or harshly affected by the war.

Adolf Hitler was able to gain popularity by using German discontent with the still controversial Treaty of Versailles.

The 'Age of Totalitarianism' included nearly all the infamous examples of genocide in modern history, headed by the Jewish Holocaust, but also comprising the mass murders and purges of the Communist world, other mass killings carried out by Nazi Germany and its allies, and also the Armenian Genocide of One of the most dramatic effects of the war was the expansion of governmental powers and responsibilities in Britain, France, the United States, and the Dominions of the British Empire.

To harness all the power of their societies, governments created new ministries and powers. New taxes were levied and laws enacted, all designed to bolster the war effort ; many have lasted to the present.

Similarly, the war strained the abilities of some formerly large and bureaucratised governments, such as in Austria-Hungary and Germany.

In Austria, for example, most pigs were slaughtered, so at war's end there was no meat. To pay for purchases in the United States, Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily from Wall Street.

President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late , but allowed a great increase in US government lending to the Allies.

After , the US demanded repayment of these loans. The repayments were, in part, funded by German reparations that, in turn, were supported by American loans to Germany.

This circular system collapsed in and some loans were never repaid. Macro- and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war.

Families were altered by the departure of many men. With the death or absence of the primary wage earner, women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers.

At the same time, industry needed to replace the lost labourers sent to war. This aided the struggle for voting rights for women.

World War I further compounded the gender imbalance, adding to the phenomenon of surplus women. The deaths of nearly one million men during the war in Britain increased the gender gap by almost a million: from , to 1,, The number of unmarried women seeking economic means grew dramatically.

In addition, demobilisation and economic decline following the war caused high unemployment. The war increased female employment; however, the return of demobilised men displaced many from the workforce, as did the closure of many of the wartime factories.

In Britain, rationing was finally imposed in early , limited to meat, sugar, and fats butter and margarine , but not bread.

The new system worked smoothly. From to , trade union membership doubled, from a little over four million to a little over eight million.

Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply from traditional sources had become difficult.

Geologists such as Albert Ernest Kitson were called on to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies.

Kitson discovered important new deposits of manganese , used in munitions production, in the Gold Coast. Article of the Treaty of Versailles the so-called "war guilt" clause stated Germany accepted responsibility for "all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.

However neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt. However, "Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay" this sum.

The total sum was divided into three categories, with the third being "deliberately designed to be chimerical" and its "primary function was to mislead public opinion This figure could be paid in cash or in kind coal, timber, chemical dyes, etc.

In addition, some of the territory lost—via the treaty of Versailles—was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain.

David Andelman notes "refusing to pay doesn't make an agreement null and void. The bonds, the agreement, still exist.

The war contributed to the evolution of the wristwatch from women's jewellery to a practical everyday item, replacing the pocketwatch , which requires a free hand to operate.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. III biplane fighters near Douai , France, Peace treaties. Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and territories, Partitioning the former Ottoman Empire , Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire , transfer of territories to other countries.

British Empire. Theatres of World War I. Main article: Causes of World War I. Main article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Further information: Diplomatic history of World War I. Main article: African theatre of World War I. Main article: Naval warfare of World War I.

See also: Albania during World War I. Main article: Romania during World War I. Main article: Russian Revolution. Main article: Czechoslovak Legion.

Main article: Sinai and Palestine Campaign. Main article: American entry into World War I. Main article: Spring Offensive. Main article: Armistice of 11 November Main article: Aftermath of World War I.

Further information: Sykes—Picot Agreement. See also: Tanks in World War I. Main article: Aviation in World War I.

Main article: Baralong incidents. See also: Unrestricted submarine warfare. Main article: Blockade of Germany. Main article: Chemical weapons in World War I.

Main article: Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire. See also: Urkun. Main article: Rape of Belgium.

Main article: World War I prisoners of war in Germany. Main article: Conscription Crisis of Main article: Conscription in Australia.

Main article: Conscription in the United Kingdom. Main article: Diplomatic history of World War I. Collingwood , writing in Main article: World War I memorials.

Further information: World War I in popular culture. The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject.

You may improve this section , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new section, as appropriate. June Learn how and when to remove this template message.

See also: Economic history of World War I. World War I portal War portal. The Bolshevik government signed the separate peace with the Central Powers shortly after their armed seizure of power of November It joined the war on the side of the Central Powers on 29 October Retrieved 13 December Darkest Hours.

BBC News. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 May American Journal of Epidemiology. Retrieved 10 September Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses.

The Diplomatic Background of the War. Yale University Press. Retrieved 26 August Davignon, Minister of Foreign Affairs". Forgotten Victory.

Ask History. Retrieved 24 October Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 15 December Guide to Canadian English Usage. Oxford UP, , p. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society.

Manchester University Press. The Origins of the World War. The Journal of Conflict Resolution. London: Allen Lane.

The last courts of Europe. Retrieved 26 December Month of Madness. BBC Radio 4. East European Monographs. American Universities Field Staff.

Retrieved 7 December Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics. Retrieved 1 September Zenith Imprint.

Turner, "The Russian Mobilization in Reichs-gesetzblatt in German. Kaiser's spy in north". The Irish News. Ireland in the 20th Century. London: Random Houe.

Random House. Retrieved 9 February War in History. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 31 August Retrieved 5 August The Price of Glory ed.

Allen Lane. Memorial Gates Trust. Retrieved 12 December British administration and the Amritsar massacre. Mittal Publications. Retrieved 5 July The Independent.

Retrieved 23 July Trench Warfare. Archived from the original on 20 April Retrieved 19 April American College of Physicians. Retrieved 28 September The Diplomat.

Retrieved 28 April Naval History. World Wars in Depth. Retrieved 11 November Retrieved 12 March A world at total war: global conflict and the politics of destruction, — Publications of the German Historical Institute.

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Briscoe Military Operations. Maps compiled by A. London: HM Stationery Office. In Sheppard, Eric William ed. A Short History of the British Army 4th ed.

First World War. Archived from the original on 14 June Retrieved For details, see Islamic terrorism in Europe. Lists of wars involving European countries.

Categories : Wars involving Germany Lists of wars by country Germany history-related lists German military-related lists. Namespaces Article Talk.

Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Franco-German War — Victory Treaty of Frankfurt.

Otto von Bismarck. First Samoan Civil War — Supporters of Mata'afa. Compromise Malietoa Laupepa restored to power. Abushiri Revolt — Arab Rebels led by al-Harthi.

Hehe Rebellion — Leo von Caprivi. This list is incomplete ; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

July 15, War in the Modern Great Power System: University Press of Kentucky. Wars and population. September 29, — via www.

October 13, — via Wikipedia. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. October 3, The Moscow Times. France At once he instructed the German Foreign Office to tell Austria-Hungary that there was no longer any justification for war and that it should content itself with a temporary occupation of Belgrade.

But, meanwhile, the German Foreign Office had been giving such encouragement to Berchtold that already on July 27 he had persuaded Franz Joseph to authorize war against Serbia.

War was in fact declared on July 28, and Austro-Hungarian artillery began to bombard Belgrade the next day.

Russia then ordered partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary, and on July 30, when Austria-Hungary was riposting conventionally with an order of mobilization on its Russian frontier, Russia ordered general mobilization.

On July 31 Germany sent a hour ultimatum requiring Russia to halt its mobilization and an hour ultimatum requiring France to promise neutrality in the event of war between Russia and Germany.

Both Russia and France predictably ignored these demands. On August 1 Germany ordered general mobilization and declared war against Russia, and France likewise ordered general mobilization.

The next day Germany sent troops into Luxembourg and demanded from Belgium free passage for German troops across its neutral territory.

On August 3 Germany declared war against France. In the night of August 3—4 German forces invaded Belgium.

Thereupon, Great Britain , which had no concern with Serbia and no express obligation to fight either for Russia or for France but was expressly committed to defend Belgium, on August 4 declared war against Germany.

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1/27/ · Select your cards carefully as you play them against the opponent%(33). This is a list of wars involving the United States. USA victory USA defeat Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive) Ongoing conflict. This is a list of conflicts in Africa arranged by country, both on the continent and associated islands, including wars between African nations, civil wars, and wars involving non-African nations that took place within Africa. It encompasses colonial wars, wars of independence, secessionist and separatist conflicts, major episodes of national violence (riots, massacres, etc.), and global.